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If are the roots of , find .
Which are the vertical asymptotes of ?
The standard result for is:
The determinant of is:
The area of a sector bounded by a polar curve is:
For vectors , the magnitude equals:
Having assumed a statement is true for , the inductive step requires you to prove it true for:
The identity equals:
An eigenvalue of a matrix satisfies:
equals:
equals:
By de Moivre's theorem, equals:
The integrating factor for is: